Paraphrase Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Paraphrase - Essay Example One form hijab is the niqab, which cover the whole person and leaves only a small gap intended for the eyes. The aim of this dressing is to maintain social order and familial peace therefore the Islamic religion requires the female Muslims to cover themselves fully especially in their interactions with men whom they are not related to since the Muslim religion considers a woman’s hair as half her overall beauty. There are two types of niqabs that are used by the Muslim women, one is the half niqab, which consist of a headscarf and a face veil, the facial fail veil covers part of the face leaving the eyes and the forehead uncovered. The other type of niqab is the full or Gulf niqab that covers the entire face leaving a very narrow space for the eyes, this type of niqab is common in the Muslim countries especially the Gulf States where it is widely worn. The other type of hijab is the burqa, this veil usually has no space for the eyes and the wearer sees through a special mesh s creen. The veil is part of the Islamic religion especially among the women who are required to wear it always especially when going out of their residences. Since the seventh century, Islam has grown to be a major religion in the world having followers in almost all the countries in the world. As the religion spread across the globe especially in the Middle East, Saharan and the sub-Saharan Africa, central Asia and to other communities and tribes within the Arabian Sea, it adopted the cultures and traditions of those communities regarding the veil while in other instances it influenced the practising of veiling in the communities in the region. However, in the recent past some countries, which are governed by the sharia law such as Iran, have made it mandatory for the women to wear the veil, which they call ‘Chador’ and it covers the entire body. The niqab originated in Greece from the Byzantine Christian world in the Persia, and Muslims, especially in the first century of the religion were not much concerned with the way women dressed and the introduction of the veil came only in the second century. In the first century, the women who were veiled were mainly those in the urban regions and the nomadic and village women were not required to wear the veil. Wearing of veil especially among urban women and women of the higher social classes was considered as a sign that the families the women came from could be able to sustain her. This was based on the interpretation of the quaranic message ‘draw their veils over their bosom’ which was considered to mean that women should cover their breasts with a veil to avoid attracting men with their physical beauty. With the growth of the Islamic religion, a lot of rules were made that curtailed the freedom of women in public, for instance during the period of mamluks in Egypt, strict rules were made that required the women in the country to observe the strict dress code of the veil and not to parti cipate in public activities. Shopkeepers were even urged by the authorities not to carry out any business transactions with women who had not observed the guidelines in wearing of the veil and were requested to turn their backs towards them when such women approached their stores until they left. With time reformers and liberals started opposing

The Devils Shadow :: essays research papers

The Devil's Shadow Time Setting: The Devil's Shadow by Clifford Lindsey Alderman took place in the late seventeenth century from 1692-1693. This is the time period that the Salem Witch Trials took place. The main plot of the story rested on the events leading up to the Salem Witch Trials, the trials themselves, and the aftermath of the trials. Detailed accounts of witch executions, the actual trials, and the events that caused the trials were discussed in the story. Place Setting: Most of the action in this story took place in Salem, Massachusetts. This was the birthplace of the witchcraft hysteria and it was also the actual site of the Salem Witch Trials. The town of Salem, Massachusetts in the late seventeenth century was a small puritan community that was largely uneducated and very superstitious. Since many lacked education, they did not understand many events that happened in their daily lives. Many things that went wrong in their daily lives would be blamed on witchcraft or sorcery. Such common things as burnt bread or broken plates would be blamed on the supernatural. Many people, especially the uneducated, firmly believed in the existence of witches and warlocks. They believed that such individuals had the power to perform "black magic" that caused some kind of trouble. Every time something bad happened they would blame it on witches and witchcraft. Main Characters: One of the main characters in this story was Tituba, an African slave woman from Barbados. She was purchased in Barbados by a merchant named Samuel Parris. She lived in Barbados until Samuel Parris brought her to Salem to work as his servant. She was known to practice Obeah, an African cult sorcery. People who performed or practiced Obeah were said to be able to predict the future, make magical charms, and drive away evil spirits. Tituba was accused of teaching witchcraft to a small group of girls in Salem. Samuel Parris, another main character in this story, was a merchant who attended Harvard University. He was the owner of Tituba and her husband. He had studied to become a minister before he left Harvard. He was a business man who traded slaves, sugar, and rum in Barbados. Things began to not work out for him when he started making less and less money. He gave up his career as a merchant in 1689 and moved to Salem to become a minister. Other main characters in this story include the girls that were taught witchcraft by Tituba, the judges in the courtroom, and the men and women who were accused of witchcraft.

Impact of Culture on Entrepreneurship

Information Management and Business Review Vol. 4, No. 1, pp. 30-34, Jan 2012 (ISSN 2220-3796) Impact of Culture on Entrepreneur Intention Syed Imran Sajjad1, *Haroon Shafi1, Aasim Munir Dad2 1Iqra university Islamabad campus 2University of Science and Technology (MUST) Mirpur Azad Kashmir, Pakistan *[email  protected] com Abstract: The main purpose of this study is to identify the role of entrepreneurship in Pakistan. After reviewing the literature, researchers identify those predictors who influence the entrepreneur’s intention with the help of socio cognitive model.National culture of a country influences the entrepreneur’s intention to start new business. Perceived feasibility, perceived desirability and entrepreneurs experience has a direct impact on entrepreneur’s intention. The study finds out the impact of culture on entrepreneur intention, different cultures have different ways to influence the entrepreneur intention and different ways to impact on int entions towards perceived feasibility and perceived desirability .The study helps entrepreneur’s decision making process and also helps out the development of further new business in Pakistan, motivates students to become entrepreneurs and analyzes their feasibility and desirability. Culture varies from country to country, within country different provinces, how different cultures, different traditions, norms and values. So in future, it helps to analyze entrepreneur’s intention in different cultures.Key words: Pakistan’s society, Entrepreneurship, entrepreneur’s experience, culture 1. Introduction Entrepreneur is an individual who runs a business with new idea or adding value in existing idea entrepreneur is a creator, risk taker who brings change in environment, with the help of technology, effective organization trained employees, and gets maximum benefit. A good leader is that, who manage all these activities on continuous bases.This is the study of a n individual who starts new business. In this paper researchers analyze the entrepreneurial intention how entrepreneur is being motivate to starts new business, the relationship between entrepreneur intention with their experienced and relationship between desirability that influences the entrepreneur intention, study also analyze the affect of national culture on entrepreneur intention as well as entrepreneurial activity for development nd underdevelopment countries. Different aspects of human behavior but the one predictor intention plays an important role (Ajzen, 1991) when individual starts new business than an economic activity starts than circulation of money starts ultimately growth of country starts according to Romer(1994) due to entrepreneur investment in new venture long term growth of country starts.According to Mitchell et al (2002) for starting a new business many factors influence entrepreneur intention like desirability, feasibility, and entrepreneurial experience, b ut it varies culture to culture and nation to nation, within country culture varies, researchers are still unclear, the over all impacts of culture in entrepreneur intention, Every country has its own culture, its values, norms and beliefs that affects the entrepreneurial intention, at some stages the culture plays an important role in decision making.Now a day’s private sector plays a vital role in economic development, in private sector small business owners have various opportunities to start new venture. The policies of government are important for entrepreneurs, but only development of policies is not sufficient, their implementation is also mandatory to attract investor to invest in business, small and medium enterprises some time not going well due to lack of knowledge and infrastructure.This paper is conceptual in nature and focuses that how entrepreneurs motivate to start a new venture especially in the context of culture. 2. Literature Review 30 Entrepreneurial inte ntion: Entrepreneurial intent to begin an innovative enterprise, in literature different researchers suggested the importance of entrepreneur intent such as (Shapero & Sokol, 1982; Shapero, 1975; Krueger, 1993; Bird, 1988; Krueger et al. , 2000). Some researchers including (Bird, 1988) identified entrepreneur individual nature, skill, experience the same as social desirability and personal feasibility.Different Researchers recommended including (Shane, 2003), that: the existence of an entrepreneurial possibility; its identification by the entrepreneur; and the conscious decision of the entrepreneur to be aware of that chance, are between the mandatory steps required in the entrepreneurial process. Cristina and Dwayne (2009) saw the effect of entrepreneur intention in Caribbean and the found out the link among entrepreneur intention, desirability, and feasibility and suggested that culture acted as moderator to influence the entrepreneur’s intention.After reviewing literature it has been seen that there is linked between desirability perception and entrepreneur intention to begin a new venture, Krueger (1993) practiced Shapiro’s theoretical model and suggested that there is a positive impact of perceived desirability on entrepreneur intention (Krueger et al. , 2000). For better understanding of different indicators and the impact of these indicators on entrepreneur (Krueger et al. 2000) suggested that attitude of entrepreneur varies for every exogenous facet that affects entrepreneur intention to become entrepreneur. P1. Perceived desirability will directly influence entrepreneurial intentions. The study analyzed that perceived feasibility and perceived desirability are decided by exogenous facet for example individual and conditional facets disclosure to entrepreneur experiences that studied as exogenous facets, all these observation manipulate entrepreneur intentions.According to (Bandura, 1994) self-efficacy is an emotional and thinking process . In this, model the two predictor perceived feasibility and desirability act as mediators the both predictors influence entrepreneur experience. This paper is extensions of social cognitive process model that analyzed to identify, save, and recover the information ultimately take suitable action (Frese and Zapf, 1994). For entrepreneur information any resource is very important, to identify that information and take proper action.Cristina and Dwayne (2009) argued that perceived feasibility and desirability has direct impact on entrepreneur intention and also there is a direct relationship between entrepreneur experience and intention, entrepreneur, experience plays an important role, experience influences the intention, due to experience their performance increase, experience motivated towards risk taking for new venture . Due to entrepreneur expertise that is gained from previous experience makes strategies more effective (Zhao et al. 2005). It has been argued that feasibility per ceptions regarding entrepreneurship are influenced by prior exposure to entrepreneurial experiences. For example, (Shapero and Sokol, 1982) contended that prior exposure to entrepreneurial activity would have a positive effect on perceptions of feasibility (and perceived desirability). Krueger (1993) demonstrated in his study that breadth of entrepreneurial xperiences significantly and directly influenced perceived feasibility, In literature it is carefully reviewed that entrepreneur’s intentions reveal a very few piratical support such as (Krueger and Dickson, 1994), analyzed that in risky situation self efficacy of those entrepreneurs are high influence high level of perception, if feasibility is high then entrepreneurs intention is more to start a new business and desire to invest more and more in business.A supportive culture also influences the entrepreneur’s intention, with his social and moral values and belief. P2. Perceived Feasibility will directly Impact on entrepreneurial intentions P3. Entrepreneur experience has a direct Impact on entrepreneurial intentions 31 Figure 1: Model Culture Perceived Feasibility Entrepreneurial Experience Entrepreneurial Intentions Perceived Desirability Culture: It recommends that the culture is most effective constant for entrepreneur. Good cultural values also influence the entrepreneur intention.The appropriateness, consistency, effectiveness, (ACE) model of persuasion (Reardon et al. , 1989) three main thought of culture Importance, stability, efficiency. Culture includes some social, moral ethical values norms and beliefs that must be socially acceptable (Hofstede, 1980). This extends society think about those values norms and beliefs. Normally, researchers analyzed that culture facilitated the entrepreneurship because of high individuality, low ambiguity, and low in power remoteness, and high intention for commencement of new business. Hayton et al. , 2002, p. 34). National culture has a moderating effect on entrepreneur intention (Fernandez et al. , 1997), George and Prabhu, 2000) P4. culture of a country has a significant effect on entrepreneur intention. 3. Discussion The present study examines the role of entrepreneurial intention in Pakistan and how culture affects the entrepreneurial intention. This model is based on Shapero and Sokol (1982) and tested by Krueger (1993). Later on Dwayne Devonish, et. l (2009) investigates the effect of entrepreneur intention in Caribbean; In Caribbean Governments are familiar with the need to expand the structure and change the mechanism in provinces and encourage the entrepreneurship. This present study sees the effect of culture in entrepreneurial intention in Pakistani society. Now – a – day’s instability of government is not helpful for entrepreneur to invest. Government policies are also significantly affecting the entrepreneur intention.This model indicates that entrepreneurial experience has a direct and posit ive relationship with perceived desirability and perceived feasibility. The entrepreneurial intention plays an importance role for starting new venture, past experience influence their decisions the model shows the direct relationship between entrepreneurial intention and entrepreneurial experience. This model recommends that the entrepreneur’s experiences acts as a key function to influence the intention of an individual to become entrepreneur linked with the previous point of view and research (Shapero and Sokol, 1982).According to Krueger et al (2000) experience influences the entrepreneur intention, there is also a direct relationship between entrepreneur’s experience on perceived feasibility and perceived desirability, feasibility and desirability existing in environment that influence the entrepreneur’s experience, so perceived feasibility and perceived desirability partially mediates entrepreneurs experiences and entrepreneurs intentions. Entrepreneurs ex perience directly influences the entrepreneur’s intention to start a new venture. 2 The other two indicators perceived feasibility and desirability mediated the entrepreneurial experience towards entrepreneurial intention. In this paper, we see the impact of culture on entrepreneurial intentions and his experience, how values and norms of a culture affect entrepreneurial decision in Pakistani society, different cultures have their own values traditions and norms, many small and medium size organizations have different impact on culture. Mark-Pruett et al. 2008) suggest that national culture of a country is directly linked with entrepreneur intention. Culture is shared values, norms, traditions rules beliefs, and anticipated behaviors of people. Cultural values and beliefs specify the level to which society judges’ entrepreneurial behaviors, such as innovation, perceived feasibility, risk taking, independent thinking and perceived desirable. Managerial implication: The study also helps managers to understand the impact of culture on entrepreneurial intentions and experience.The other motivating research would be to arrange a relative research for the service firms in different markets. A good culture influences entrepreneurial intention ultimately its performance increases and firm grows. A good supportive culture is helpful for the development of the organization, Government policies must be stable and supportive for new investors, banks also play important role for giving them loan on low interest rates, and all these aspects attract the entrepreneur intentions to start a new venture.Limitation and Recommendation: The study finds out the impact of culture on entrepreneur intention, different cultures have different ways to influence the entrepreneur intention and different ways to impact on intentions towards perceived feasibility and perceived desirability. It is difficult to sketch the conclusion, because in both streams of researches, it is d ifficult to measure lack of agreement and lack of clearness. In conclusion, we can say that the involvement of culture and its influence on entrepreneurial intentions helps entrepreneur to take decision.The regular support is education that increases entrepreneurial performance and efficiency. It is suggested that the education system in universities and colleges should help to improve the skill and knowledge of students regarding entrepreneurship, and also focus the students attention to find out the their desirability and feasibility in the field on entrepreneurship, conducting seminar on entrepreneurship allow entrepreneurs to share the experience with students and motivate them. Danns and Mentore (1995) suggested that â€Å"entrepreneurial experience† helps the students to develop positive attitude and approach to start a new venture. . Conclusion and Future Research Finally, entrepreneurship is a key factor for the development of any country. The current study focuses on the entrepreneur’s intention, national culture of a country influences the entrepreneur’s intention, perceived feasibility, and desirability and entrepreneurial experience directly influence the intention of any individual to start a new business. This study only emphasizes only Pakistani culture, and culture related policies and their implementation. In future research scholar will focus on one aspect of culture or one particular area. Culture varies country to country.Appropriate scale should be developed to empirically examine relations among above model. References Ajzen, I. (1991). Theory of planned behavior. Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 50(1), 179-211. Bandura, A. (1994). Self-efficacy, in Ramachaudran, V. S. (Ed. ). Encyclopedia of Human Behavior Academic Press, 4, 71-81. Bird, B. (1988). Implementing entrepreneurial ideas: the case for intentions. Academy of Management Review, 13, 442-449. Cristina, J. & Dwayne, D. (2009). An explorato ry study of competitive strategies among hotels in a small developing Caribbean state.International Journal of Contemporary Hospitality Management, 21(4), 491 – 500. Danns, G. K. & Mentore, M. M. (1995). Race and economic power in Guyana: a study of the East Indians, in Ryan, S. and Stewart, T. (Eds), Entrepreneurship in the Caribbean: Culture, Structure, Conjuncture, University of the West Indies, Institute of Social and Economic Research, Trinidad and Tobago. 33 Fernandez, D. R. , Carlson, D. S. , Stepina, L. P. & Nicholson, J. D. (1997). Hofstede’s country classification 25 years later. Journal of Social Psychology, 137(1), 43-54. Frese, M. & Zapf, D. (1994).Action as the core of work psychology, in Trandis, H. C. , Dunnette, M. D. and Hough, L. (Eds), Handbook of Industrial and Organ. George, G. & Prabhu, G. (2000). Developmental financial institutions as catalysts of Entrepreneurship in emerging economies. Academy of Management Review, 25, 620-30. Hayton, J. C. , George, G. & Zahara, S. A. (2002). National culture and entrepreneurship: a review of behavioral research. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 26(4), 33-53. Hofstede, G. (1980). Culture’s Consequences: International Differences in Work Related Values, Sage, Beverly Hills, CA. Krueger, N. & Dickson, P.R. (1994). How believing in ourselves increases risk taking: perceived self-efficacy and opportunity recognition. Decision Sciences, 25(3), 385-400. Krueger, N. (1993). The impact of prior entrepreneurial exposure on perceptions of new venture feasibility and desirability. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 3, 5-21. Krueger, N. , Reilly, M. & Carsrud, A. (2000). Competing models of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Business Venturing, 15(2), 411-32. Mark-Pruett, R. , Bryan, T. , Francisco, L. & Jerry, F. (2008). International Journal of Entrepreneurial Behaviour & Research, 15(6), 571-594.Mitchell, R. , Smith, J. B. , Morsem, E. A. , Seawright, K. , Peredo, A. M. & McKe nzie, B. (2002). Are entrepreneurial cognitions universal? Assessing entrepreneurial cognitions across cultures. Entrepreneurship Theory and Practice, 26(4), 9-32. Reardon, T. , Crawford, E. & Kelly, V. (1989). Link between nonfarm income and farm investment in Africa households: Adding the capital marketing perspective. American journal of Agriculture Economics, 76 (5), 172-179. Romer, P. (1994). The origins of endogenous growth. Journal of Economic Perspectives, 8(1), 3-22. Shane, S. (2003).A General Theory of Entrepreneurship, Edward Elgar, Cheltenham. Shapero, A. (1975). The displaced, uncomfortable entrepreneur, Psychology Today, 9(11), 83-8. Shapero, A. & Sokol, L. (1982). Some social dimensions of entrepreneurship in Kent, C. (Ed. ), Encyclopedia of Entrepreneurship, Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, NJ, 72-90. Zhao, H. , Hills, G. E. & Siebert, S. E. (2005). The mediating role of self-efficacy in the development of entrepreneurial intentions. Journal of Applied Psychology, 90 (6), 1265-1272. 34 Reproduced with permission of the copyright owner. Further reproduction prohibited without permission.

Describe and Evaluate Milgrams Agency Theory - 731 Words

Describe and evaluate Milgram’s agency theory [12] Milgram’s agency theory basically states that you the state of mind you are in determines if you’re obedient or not. He argued that normally we operate in the autonomous state, where you assert control over yourself and what we do. An example of this is when faced with danger, most people will turn away to try and avoid conflict. Even if you decide not to walk away, this is still the autonomous state because you’re deciding what to do. There is also the agentic state which says you are subconsciously acting as an agent to some authority figure and that you do what they tell you because you feel as if you are an agent of that person. An example of this would be during the trial of Nazi’s†¦show more content†¦In his theory of obedience Milgram found that 65% of participants went to 450 volts and 100% went to 300 volts. From this he concluded that American men would obey an authority figure even if they harmed a stranger. As the participants obeyed t he authority figure it shows that they were acting as agents to help the researcher with his study, this illustrates the agentic state. On the other hand there are disadvantagesShow MoreRelatedDescribe And Evaluate Psychological Research Into Obedience1246 Words   |  5 PagesDescribe evaluate psychological research into obedience Obedience is a compliance with an order, request, or law or submission to another’s authority (Oxforddictionaries, n.d). Stanley Milgram was an American social psychologist, known for his experiment on obedience. This was taken place in the 1960’s while he was completing his professorship at Yale University (wikipedia.org, 2015). Milgram’s (1963) study of obedience was a laboratory study to investigate how far people will go in obeyingRead MoreOne of the Main Divisions Between Mainstream and Critical Social Psychology Is That of the Methods Adopted. Discuss with Reference to the Cognitive Social and at Least One Other Social Psychological Perspective.1698 Words   |  7 Pagesdifferent methods are used in social psychological research. This assignment explores the main principles of different methods in social psychology. It will look at the underlying theories or perspectives that organise contemporary social and discursive psychological research and knowledge and critically evaluate different theoretical perspectives and methods. Cognitive social psychology studies the information processing individual in a social context to analyse individual cognitions in controlledRead Morecrime and deviance4817 Words   |  20 Pagesï » ¿ SCLY4 Crime and Deviance with Theories Methods Past Papers Use the following past papers to practise your exam writing techniques and aid your revision. Make sure you look at the mark scheme for each question to assess your answer. Also check the ‘model answers’ from students to see where good AO1 and AO2 marks were scored. Crime and Deviance Different theories of crime, deviance, social order and social control. The social distribution of crime and deviance by ageRead MoreStephen P. Robbins Timothy A. Judge (2011) Organizational Behaviour 15th Edition New Jersey: Prentice Hall393164 Words   |  1573 Pages91 4 Emotions and Moods 97 What Are Emotions and Moods? 98 The Basic Emotions 100 †¢ The Basic Moods: Positive and Negative Affect 100 †¢ The Function of Emotions 102 †¢ Sources of Emotions and Moods 103 Emotional Labor 108 Affective Events Theory 110 Emotional Intelligence 112 The Case for EI 113 †¢ The Case Against EI 114 †¢ Emotion Regulation 115 OB Applications of Emotions and Moods 115 Selection 116 †¢ Decision Making 116 †¢ Creativity 116 †¢ Motivation 117 †¢ Leadership 117 †¢ Negotiation 117Read MoreDeveloping Management Skills404131 Words   |  1617 Pagesâ€Å"do. † In an influential article, Henry Mintzberg (1975) argued that management education had almost nothing to say about what managers actually do from day to day. He further faulted management textbooks for introducing students to the leading theories about management while ignoring what is known about effective management practice. Sympathetic to Mintzberg’s critique, we set out to identify the defining competencies of effective managers. Although no two management positions are exactly the same